Exploring Emotion Essay -- Psychobiology of Emotions

Emotions have developed along with the sophistication of the brain as an organ throughout the process of evolution. Instinctive feelings necessary for survival, such as thirst, hunger, and sex drive, are the oldest and most primitive â€Å"emotions†, and they are present in many non-human creatures. The monitoring systems in an animal’s body send signals to the brain when the body is in need of food or water, and this triggers the firing of neurons that in turn advise the creature to search for these necessities. Because these instinctual feelings are reflex related, they originate in the brain stem of primitive creatures (do Amaral). As animals progressed and their brains advanced from just a brain stem into the cerebellum and eventually the cerebral hemispheres, they began to experience more complex, affective emotions including love, friendship, and maternal care (Bekoff 861). Humans possess the most complex brains, and therefore it is believed that humans experience the widest range of emotions. Experimental evidence has shown that human emotions result largely from interactions between several different parts of the brain, known collectively as the limbic system (Thompson 29). The more psychological view of emotions claims an emotion is expressed in reaction to one’s individual interpretation of the surrounding environment. This explanation provides a slightly higher-level view of the issue at hand. However, how and why humans feel something during an emotional experience is still unknown and heavily debated. I believe that these feelings arise as part of the epiphenomenon of consciousness that is unique to living beings, and therefore the complete human emotional experience cannot be mechanically replicated.... ...ius of human life. Works Cited Anatomy of the Brain. American Health Assistance Foundation. 5 Dec. 2002 . Bekoff, Marc. â€Å"Animal Emotions: Exploring Passionate Natures.† Bioscience. Oct. 2000: 861-882. Boeree, Dr. C. George. Emotion. 2002 . do Amaral, Julio Rocha and Jorge Martins de Oliviera. Limbic System: The Center of Emotions. . Picard, Rosalind W. â€Å"Does HAL Cry Digital Tears? Emotions and Computers.† HAL’s Legacy: 2001’s Computer as Dream and Reality. Ed. David G. Stork. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. Rolls, Edmund T. The Brain and Emotion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Thompson, Jack George. The Psychobiology of Emotions. New York: Plenum Press, 1988.

As I Lay Dying

In Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying, he used animals to symbolize characters. The Bundren children are obsessed with animals throughout the novel. Vardaman is convinced that his mother is a fish, Darl declares that Jewel’s mother is a horse, and Dewey Dell relates to the farm cow as another woman. After each character learns of their mother’s death they each relate an animal to situations apparent to their own lives. Varadaman sees Addie as a fish because of the way that she has been transformed from alive to dead. Vardaman catches a fish on the day his mother dies and cuts it up and brings it inside to be cooked. The blood of the fish is all over his clothes and on the same day Addie dies. Vardaman connects a fish with his mother and believes her to be a fish. â€Å"Vardaman comes back and picks up the fish. It slides out of his hands, smearing wet dirt onto him, and flops down, dirtying itself again, gapmouthed, goggle-eyed, hiding into the dust like it was ashamed of being dead, like it was in a hurry to get back hid again,† (Faulkner, 31). In this section Vardaman relates his mom to being a fish. Vardaman uses the death of the fish to symbolize the death of his mother. Vardaman comes around the house, bloody as a hog to his knees, and that ere fish chopped up with the axe like it or not,† (Faulkner, 38). Vardaman later grasps the concept of death and how it relates back to his own being. Although he seems to be young ,Vardaman begins to attribute his now dead mother to a now dead fish. â€Å"I can feel where the fish was in the dust. It is cut up into pieces of not-fish now, not-blood on my hands and overalls,† (Faulkner, 53. ) The fish symbol is illustrated throughout the novel as being Vardaman’s mother. â€Å"My mother is a fish,† (Faulkner, 84). Next, Faulkner uses the Bundren cow to symbolize Addie’s death, the bond between Dewel Dell and Vardaman. Dewey Dell is the character that relates most with the family cow. The cow just like Dewey Dell has something inside of them. The cow lows at the foot of the bluff. She nuzzles at me, snuffing, blowing her breath in a sweet, hot blast, through my dress, against my nakedness, moaning. ‘You got to wait a little while. Then I’ll tend to you,’† (Faulkner, 61). The milk inside the cows body is related to the baby growing inside of Dewey Dell. The milk is symbolic of the thing inside her body. â€Å"The cow nuzzles at me moaning. ‘You’ll just have to wait. What you got in you aint nothing to what I got in me, even if you are a woman too,’† (Faulkner, 63). Even though Dewey Dell is pregnant now she finds that she has to be the maternal figure in the house. â€Å"’You go on to the house and get your supper. ’ He draws back. I hold him. ‘You quit now. You leave me be,’† (Faulkner, 62). Jewel is unable to express emotion towards his mother, however he has no problem portraying it towards his horse, even though his ways may seem violent. Jewel with dug heels, shutting off the horse’s wind with one hand, with the other patting the horse’s neck in short strokes myriad and caressing, cursing the horse with obscene ferocity,† (Faulkner, 12). Based on Darl's word, the horse is a symbol of Jewel's love for his mother. For Jewel, however, the horse, based on his riding of it, apparently symbolizes a hard-won freedom from the Bundren family. Jewel is extremely possessive and passionate about his horse. He had spent his nights cleaning up a field in order to buy it with his own money. Anse takes the horse and trades it for a team of mules to bring the caravan to Jefferson.

Social Justice And Inclusion Within The Scottish Education...

The first part of this paper explores the concepts of social justice and inclusion within the Scottish Education System. Both of which are complex theories and ultimately influence each other. What is Social Justice? What is inclusion? How are they related? What does it mean to have an inclusive environment for students? How do we achieve this in schools? Does society play a part in how inclusion is introduced and maintained? These are just some of the questions that I endeavor to explore. Consistently throughout the PGDE course we are studying how to become a more inclusive practitioner whether it is through campus based learning, additional readings or teaching experience in local schools. We continuously strive towards learning how to make school a more inclusive environment. This assignment exemplified with references to reading such as Government policies, legislation and research articles as well as reflecting on my own teaching experience I hope to highlight the teachers’ role in creating an inclusive environment within an individual classroom. Having studied selective literature with theories and research, which could have influenced Scottish Education Policies, I draw attention to discrepancies on matters of inclusion and social justice that exist between them and the implications they have for learning. In part 2, I will provide a critical reflection on my own teaching practice during recent placement by making detailed connections to an appended lesson plan.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Social Justice And Inclusion916 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Social justice and inclusion have become important parts of the modern world, especially within the Scottish education system. 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